: In December, 195 countries reached a historic agreement at COP21 to combat climate change and accelerate actions for a sustainable low-carbon future. Laudato si' : Pope Francis released his second encyclical, "Laudato si'"
The United States and Cuba formally restored diplomatic relations after 54 years of Cold War hostility. Reopened embassies in Washington and Havana marked a symbolic foreign policy shift. Science, Tech, and the Digital Frontier
In addition to the Paris Agreement, 2015 was also marked by significant developments in international relations. The Iran nuclear deal, also known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), was signed in July 2015, marking a major shift in the country's relations with the West. The deal, which was negotiated by Iran, the United States, China, France, Germany, Russia, and the United Kingdom, aimed to limit Iran's nuclear program in exchange for relief from economic sanctions.
The United States and Cuba officially restored full diplomatic relations in July, ending 54 years of hostility. ⚖️ Social Progress: Equality and Human Rights
Lin-Manuel Miranda's hip-hop musical Hamilton opened on Broadway in August, becoming a massive cultural and theatrical juggernaut. : In December, 195 countries reached a historic
, a global framework to end poverty and protect the planet by 2030. The Paris Agreement
"paper for 2015" typically refers to past examination papers or official position papers released during that year. Depending on what you are looking for, here are the most common resources: Academic & Competitive Exam Papers National & International Exams UPSC (India)
In December 2015, the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP 21) culminated in the historic Paris Agreement . For the first time, nearly every nation on Earth committed to a common cause: reducing greenhouse gas emissions to limit global warming to well below 2°C compared to pre-industrial levels. This framework became the foundation for all modern corporate and state sustainability initiatives. 2. The European Migrant Crisis
was the "Year of the Dress" and the "Talking Ginger." Science, Tech, and the Digital Frontier In addition
From consumer electronics to outer space, 2015 was a highly accelerated year for innovation.
: The year saw a surge in "mortification" essays, where writers submitted themselves to the "ordeal of being known" to explore broader human complexities. Systemic Failures
: June 26, 2015, became a permanent anchor in history as the Supreme Court legalized same-sex marriage
2015 was also a banner year for cyberattacks. The most infamous was the Ashley Madison hack, which exposed the personal data of 37 million users of the extramarital dating site. The leak, carried out by a group calling itself “The Impact Team,” led to confirmed suicides, divorces, and a $11.2 million class-action settlement. Meanwhile, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (OPM) announced a breach that compromised the sensitive security clearance records of over 21 million current and former federal employees. It was a stark reminder that in 2015, no digital fortress was truly secure. The United States and Cuba officially restored full
Science and environmental research took massive leaps forward in 2015, fundamentally changing our understanding of both our own health and outer space. 1. Public Health and the Global Obesity Epidemic
On February 26, a Scottish mother posted a photo of a sequined dress on Tumblr. Within 24 hours, the planet was at war. Was it blue and black? Or white and gold? Celebrities, neuroscientists, and your annoying cousin on Facebook all weighed in. It was the first truly viral global debate that proved one thing: we do not see the same reality. 2015 taught us that perception is not truth.
If you were using a Windows Phone or a BlackBerry in , you were officially a digital fossil. This was the year the tech duopoly of Apple vs. Google became absolute.
paper from the NSW Board of Studies is a standard reference. Research & Policy Papers Pertussis vaccines: WHO position paper – August 2015